About whale evolution

About whale evolution:

Illustrative terms: Mysticeti: ​​Blin whales baleen whales Odontoceti: ​​Sunni whales (her teeth) toothed whales Archaeoceti: ​​whales very old primitive

He began the development of modern botany during the Renaissance, a period spanning three hundred years of European history began in the fourth century AD. And stimulated European discoveries of the world, during this period, largely the process of studying plant science and other sciences. And pioneer explorers discovered several new species of plants they brought to the students for examination and identification.

And increased trade, demand for all types of plant products such as food, fiber, medicines, dyes increased. Huge gardens which contained many of the new plants have been planned. As a result of excess numbers of new plants and the facts that have been discovered from those plants, legacy systems have proven in the naming and classification of plants it is inadequate.

Line morphology Plant tremendous strides during the seventeenth century after the appearance of the compound microscope. It was one of the first scientists, who observed the exact composition of the plants, the world Marcello Malpighi of Italy and Alanklyzaan Robert Hooke, and Nhmaa Gro. In the seventeenth century began research in physiology work done by Jean Baptista van Helmont Flemish physician and chemist, who scored his observations on how the plant for growth.

During the mid-eighteenth century, the world of natural history Swede Carl Linnaeus developed a system for naming plants, it has become acceptable in the end as a standard for classification. Use Linnaeus bilateral label or name duplication, and where the distinguished name of each plant consists of two parts. This system has been modified and expanded to the modern system of classification of the user now. This is Linnaeus founder of modern botany. Make Linnaeus Division followed, down from largest to smallest, then the community Valrtbh sex Valenua.

Flourished study botany environment of research conducted on the geographical distribution of plants. The world of natural history and geographical German Alexander von Humboldt has developed a map of the distribution of plants in the series during his travels everywhere in the world, during the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century.

The research conducted by the Austrian botanist Gregor Mendel in the second half of the nineteenth century a major impact on the study of botany and other fields of science. The experiments are based on breeding pea plants, the basic laws of heredity.

In the twentieth century the latest Engaged scientists with the knowledge of plant genetics and molecular biology major discoveries. Within the research that has the maize plant, for example, found that there are certain genes can move from one place to another within the chromosomes of cells. The record of this discovery, announced in 1951, a great addition to the concept of how the inheritance of plants and other organisms for genetic traits. Long body like snakes for Basilosaurus Basilosaurus made paleontologists and Hao research and digging for old bones about 1830 believe that the body may have been to sea snakes. Although there are a lot of fossils discovered to Basilosaurus Basilosaurus, but the bones of two men short background was discovered in 1989. Scientists believe that the length of the animal's estimated five and forty meters but the real length of these animals ranged from 15 to 18 meters. Basilosaurus Basilosaurus was the oldest fossils of whales Cetacea did not provide a strong idea of ​​the evolution of whales, where the whales (fossils) discovered water complete. Although they did not resemble the current whales (such as denture teeth set which we have explained and that match the quality of the whale chewing, whales current toothed have a group of teeth denture with teeth standardized format (dental cone-shaped surface), dolphins and porpoises porpoise swallow the bait (fish) While fully Basilosaurus Basilosaurus and those who chew food before swallowing.) as well as they did not resemble any of the current mammals known.

Was that scientists must wait so long to discover new fossils that give a clearer picture of its predecessors. Sea World and William Fowler William Flower re-installation of the first ancestor structure of the current whale (a primitive creature that lives in the swamp without hair covered like a seahorse hippopotamus but the legs and short tail broad, the animal gradually adapt to the new center and the evolution over time to whales and current Dolphins. After nearly a century was discovered very first current whales, and we can say that the perceptions and William Fowler was misplaced.

By accident discovered paleontologist Philip Khinkrich Phillip Gingerich in Pakistan in 1975 Ahfora unique when it was a matter for the fossils of ancient mammals and is not looking for fossils of whales, was discovered this Alhfor when they were digging in rock layers due to the almost 50 million years ago now, The fossil This is a strange and small parts of the skull, the initial impression was that the parts due to the very low animal intelligence, because the skull was passing over bridges linked whereby the jaw muscles and link this combination did not give room to increase the size of the skull.

In vitro tests were conducted on the precise parts discovered. Of the original skull was found only a few parts of it, the back of the skull and part of the lower jaw with several teeth. If Vimit animal through the top of the form of teeth says maybe it is an animal of Mazonaakhia Mesonychia family and this is a species of cloven-hoofed carnivorous animals. But the world Gingerich discovered on the side of his head greatness like a grain of grapes and other greatness of the S-shaped and this ends the debate about animal origin, because the only animal that has the two superpowers is whales current whale fossil if it has proven conclusively that this animal is the great grandfather of the current whales. Fossil Bbakisets Pakicetus was named (ie whale Pakistan). His ears looked like whales ears but they have other features strange, as the whales underwater can see the direction of the upcoming votes because their ears are located in the bone structure of a closed exist are floating in the texture of the foam Foam and Alatirat and separate from the bones of the skull so they greet only the sounds of sorts jaw. But three greatness Bakisets Pakicetus grape-like pill linked to the skull closely. Was Pakicetus could probably hear underwater is not quite but there were leaks frequencies bony parts Association (mentioned above) so it was those frequencies hinder Pakicetus know the direction of the sound coming. Current whales when Agttsoa to the depths they fill the gaps around their ears quantity of blood to protect their ears from the high water pressure in the depths. Pakicetus skull was not contain those gaps and the mechanism to do that so we conclude that Pakicetus was not able to dive deep. That Pakicetus was hardly whales swim in the river is not deep in the sea because he was not good at diving in a good way in addition to the hearing under the water problem. If the animal has a short recipes and found only in parts of whales that are very current whales before millions of years from now.

After that, the world Gingerich (start over from the search for gaps in whale evolution. The world Gingerich with his group in 1983 and 1985 in Egypt drilling and exploration in the so-called Valley of whales and this valley is frankly a desert area barren filled with the remains of a very old whale. And almost managed to Skull whale discovered every day to plentiful and were able to find the 349 residue fossils of whales. Some of the skulls had a Basilosaurus Basilosaurus, but most of them were models of small whales Dorodon Iatrox Dorudon atrox, Whale Valley filled with the remains of whales because in Eocene time Eocene was a perimeter of the bottom of the scientists call the fossils Sea Tithaa Tethyssea this sea was separating Africa from Asia and was linking the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea is a remnant of the sea, and the Valley of the whales was then Hor or lake ecological reserve was live sharks, turtles, dugongs and other marine animals. Those (Hor lake) was full of small whales such as Dorudon Dorudon who came to there to Aldoa and Atcatheroa This is evident through the vast amount of tooth discovered to Dordonat Dorudons young or young. On the contrary, all the fossils Basilosaurus Basilosaurus was badly whales. These huge animals came to Lahore in order to catch Alldordonat Dorudons adult food to them.

In 1989 the world's third trip began Gingerich also discussed in Egypt. This time he wanted to shed fins and hip haunch of whales under Almenkerzh search and examination. The beginning was not encouraging. Some hip examination of Basilosaurus Basilosaurus discovered, but most were broken and incomplete and unclear to the extent that some parts have not been able to identify. When they were working on Dorodon Dorudon young man and found some bones is known and I think that one of them patella kneeplate but this is something difficult to understand because if the animal has patella, it means that he has the legs also the background, and this is something difficult to understand and absorb the animal aqueous purely. In the last week of their presence in Egypt found a new skeleton structure for Basilosaurus Basilosaurus, and in the back (12 meters away from the head) had a thigh bone thighbone. At the end of the femur was then his knee bone shinbone tibia and fibula as well as splintbone anklebone ankle bone, on the last day found three fingers of his foot.

That if the two men animal backgrounds, this remarkable discovery shows that even this was purely aqueous animal still has remnants of the ancestral wild-legged animals. Although the legs primitive rudimentary of Basilosaurus length was approximately 30 centimeter tied with body length of 15 meters and legs were tied to bone pelvis, which in turn is not associated with the spine of any had met to move because they do not have the award of the spine, but the rear legs were still her job because the world Gingerich found certain effects on the bone shows it was tied to a strong muscles. When Gingerich tried to figure out how the movement of the hind legs a strange thing happened, the legs were very solid and non-movement almost, because he did not have the furrow gutter at the bottom of the foot, which roll it patella usually in wild animals. There were two (and Deitan) only fit two rear legs are either lying or glued to the body along the leg. According to the opinion Gingerich, they were difficult for the animal Thrikema freely and this raises the question of interest as long as the two men were almost Jamdtan. Gingerich is believed that the two men were also uses to help adhesion during intercourse, where he was a female and male stick their feet intertwined Alkhlvitan in order to maintain their Altsagahma during intercourse. As well as the whales were small Dorudon her legs background, although the Dorudon not have long serpentine body as in the case Albasilosors but the shape of her body was not the motive for the presence of the hind legs. The two men were the only remnants of evolution that have not yet Tuzla. But Asalhma evolution and final passage of time. The world was Gingerich was aware that there was a precipitant work to be done to complete the picture of the evolution of whales and that there is a gap estimated ten million years between Pakicetus and Basilosaurus which must be searched. And filled that gap was a difficult task for scientists fossils, as the world Gingerich fellow named Hans Thewissen with a group of his colleagues in 1991 and 1992 to search for fossils in Pakistan in the hope of Algesor new fossils are not the former type Pakicetus. In the year 1991 and found a new decoder for Bakisets Pakicetus but it was more fully from the previous time the world Gingerich. In the second his research in 1992 found Ahfora due to the hoofed or dugongs animal, but it was a foreign body if you compare it with the mammals, legs forehand was short but with a large and broad hands, back and legs were a feet long like Bmehrja circus Nowadays. They found the teeth (teeth) triangular matching to that which has been put in place fossil Mazonaakhia Mesonychia. Have been identified on the animal's identity through the ear, just as in the case of Pakicetus as found in the skull of this fossil is also the greatness of the ear like a grain of grapes and greatness S-shaped so they concluded that they had found a direct Ahfora due to the whales. This time it was the whale was met for a walk on his feet, he's a very good model for the case of the transitional whale. The new decoder Albakisitus Pakicetus has a small slot as head of a pin in the inner side of the jaw. Pass the blood vessels and nerves through that hole to the chin area of ​​the head and all land mammals have that kind of hole or gap. And turned that hole in the current whales to long incision pass along most parts of the jaw. Thewissen world found that those opening of the new fossils were Asttalt a bit and took the form oval.

Unfortunately, they could not pass on this fossil them for lack of venue and transport, so let the world Thewissen parts of the fossil in place who discovered it. But he returned with Thewissen Gingerich shortly to the previous location for the transfer of the remaining parts and the search for new fossils. During drilling discovered a new world Gingerich skeleton structure but it is not foot fossil former Theosn Thewissen and Alehion was hydraulically be the best swimmer and was better than its predecessor and fossil found in fossils that were in her time outside Sea coast area. Drilling was completed in a few days and the animal was the size as much as the sea lion with a similar whales prehistoric teeth identical to Mazonaakhia Mesonychia. The structure was almost complete except for the legs and tail, but the greatness of his leg was discovered a short in order to tell him that he was wild, but it was more than that when Albasilosors Basilosaurus example. Thewissen with Gingerich bring new discoveries to the laboratory and studied for two years and They publish their findings and studies separately in 1994. Theosn hewissen named the fossil Bombulusets Nathans Ambulocetus natans and the world Gingerich named the fossil Brodosets Ksrana Rhodocetus kasranii.

And then held discoveries quickly between 1995 and 2001, was discovered Takrasets Seamus Takracetus simus and Javiosets Razaa Gaviocetus razai and Dalanitis Ahmadi Dalanistes ahmedi and Qaicherasets Arifi Qaisracetus arifi and Ondriusyves Sloane Andrewsiphius sloani and Papiasets Indian Babiacetus indicus and cut new Basilosaurus (B.drazindai) and Basilotteres Husseini Basiloterus hussaini and etc. And also found a complete structures Ambulocetus and Rhodocetus (with legs too) and Pakicetus. By all these fossil discoveries have been eliminated vacuum fossil whales that prevailed in 1859 and before. Rights and was able to determine the species that represent ancestors of whales through fossils. Rimentonositidia Remingtonocetidae family, for example, which consists of five generations discovered them Dalanests Dalanistes and Rimentonosets Remingtonocetus and Kajisets Kutchicetus and this group does not represent a direct ancestor of the current whales. In terms of appearance they resemble Alombulusets Ambulocetus but had a long face unusual like Ahlgreal (Indian crocodile) gavial is certainly used it in the same way Ahlgreal. Kajisets Kutchicetus example resembled otter otter is very long but generally similar to the general Ahlgreal. If I saw him now presumably will say you saw the strangest thing in the whole of your life if you compare it Baltdiat per century twenty-current.

Those animals were are part of nature and that have disappeared completely, although he then some amphibious mammals such as sea dogs appeared and otter otter, but they were in fact crocodiles with hair on their bodies as a model of mammalian Ahlgreal gavial crocodile and alligator Alligator. These species have become extinct and only stayed completely whales current of water. But though some species remained living Ktdiat amphibious. The types and the aquatic amphibians were living in a different environment for some Iikolojah that one does not oppose the existence of the other. When scientists Kaviosets Gaviocetus discovered that it was her feet is assigned and linked to the spine through the pelvic bone has been bridging the gap that existed between Rodosets Rhodocetus and Dorodon Dorudon. And finally found all the transitional links between land and sea. When fully formed aquatic animals such as Albasilosors Basilosaurus and Dorodon Dorudon were not their development process has ended after Taattoroa as they turn into two groups and are toothed whales and whales Blin. Whales are classified into three classes they Odontoceti (toothed) and Mysticeti (Blin) and the extinct breed Archaeoceti (very old primitive whales). Scientists had initially believed that the three species formed during the development separately from each other in wild mammals, and it came from the huge difference that exists between the three varieties of these differences suggest that it is difficult for the three items that they may have a very old joint. Archaeoceti and Odontoceti their teeth, as I mentioned earlier, their teeth lineup consists of front teeth and incisor teeth were chewing their food. And Odontoceti his uniform shape teeth and swallow the entire food without chewing, in addition to that was used echo GPS Echolocation and to track its prey. In the fossil record Echolocation exist in the form of air gaps and bony plates reflective and sensitive to frequency sounds, but this thing does not exist in Archaeoceti. The product was Mysticeti (Blin) was weighing almost as much as a herd of elephant in Tjoifam was found a lot of Albulinat corneal shape were used to sift (screening) fish from the water and off. Mysticeti and Odontoceti have openings for the nose, and his nose was Odontoceti one slot in the side of the head and upper represented the breathing hole. But Archaeoceti had a nose in the anterior part of the face slot. But now that the Mysticeti and Odontoceti Ncita of Archaeoceti where the whales were primitive and wild-type amphibious Archaeoceti know. But how whales Blin was considered of unknown things for a long time be. In fact been discovered fossils of a whale in 1966, which shows that whales evolved from Blin primitive whales Archaeoceti In the beginning it was discrimination and to know the identity of the fossil difficult. This whale is called Bietyawsets Aetiocetus.

This fossil was difficult discrimination and classification. It was not classified Archaeoceti because he was recent and had a spray slot instead of regular nostrils. He was also lacks echo GPS Echolocation so he was not classified Odontoceti, but it was his teeth 1.5 centimeter length so he also was not Mysticeti. But the world Lai Van Phalen Leigh Van Valen was able to distinguish fossil and Ranked, Valahfor in all respects was a whale Blaneyh but it was his teeth instead of Albulinat. Arkhieomistests Archaeomysticetus considered the nexus whales Blin primitive whales Archaeoceti. This fossil lived 25 million years ago before now and length of 9 meters and his head was almost 1.7 meters. It has some of the qualities of the Mistesia Mysticeti like halves of the lower jaw is associated. The upper jaw began to grow above the eye to the back. (So ​​I moved him to the injection slot above the head), but his teeth can be a source of Albasilosors Basilosaurus and teeth have the same teeth Basilosaurus size and the distance between the age and the last was a regular basis. If whales Blin Kahitan predators began was holding fish, shark and then swallowed, but they have not been able yet Bnkhal (screening) fish from the water. But how the technique of fishing through the screened from the water by Albulinat unknown. The fossils few Blin and the oldest 15 million years ago and is now much of the latest fossil that we mentioned earlier. Maybe there is a way to learn it by linking the study of fossils embryonic checks. Pisces Alblaney to Anosets Dantekrnatos Llanocetus denticrenatus lived before 34 million years ago now. Had a convex front teeth, such as those in the primitive whales Archaeoceti In the back of the head was his teeth stellar shape. Probably a whale Alblaney began Bnkhal (screening) of fish for the first time by those teeth because there are species of animals present his teeth (teeth) Similar used to sift the prey from the water, a sea dog krillrob.